A decade after the emergence of cryptocurrencies, regulatory outlooks from the traditional finance sector (“TradFi”) toward banking activities in the digital assets sector (“DeFi”) have evolved significantly. This shift signifies growing institutional acceptance of digital assets as legitimate financial instruments.Continue Reading FIG Paper No. 47 (VDA Series 6) – Exploring Synergies between Traditional Finance and Decentralised Finance for India
Corporate India, eagerly awaiting the final version of the Draft Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025[1] (“Draft Rules”), under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023[2] (“DPDPA”), was recently jolted by a Business Requirements Document for Consent Management under the DPDPA (“BRD”)[3] discreetly issued by the National e-Governance Division of the Ministry of Electronics and Technology (“MeitY”).Continue Reading The Ghost in the Machine?: The Recent “Business Requirement Document” on Consent
Technology has fundamentally transformed the financial services industry, with many contemporary financial institutions (“FI”) adopting a digital-first or exclusively online business model. With third-party technology service providers handling critical functions for FIs, as outsourced partners, regulators such as the Reserve Bank of India (“RBI”), Securities and Exchange Board of India (“SEBI”) and the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (“IRDAI”) have issued their respective guidelines on outsourcing/ adoption of cloud services.[i] Additionally, FIs are also required to comply with general data protection laws.[ii]Continue Reading FIG Paper (No. 46 – Series 3): Contracting Considerations for Financial Institutions
The International Financial Services Centres Authority (“IFSCA”) is the unified regulator of India’s maiden International Financial Services Centre (“IFSC”) at Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (“GIFT City”). Uniquely positioned both as a developer the regulator for the IFSC jurisdiction, the IFSCA is tasked with fostering a robust financial ecosystem, regulating financial products, financial services, and financial institutions while promoting ease of doing business. A critical aspect of its objective is enforcing compliance requirements and ensuring that IFSC, GIFT City, maintains its status as a jurisdiction of “substance”, with its regulatory standards on par with other global centres.Continue Reading Enforcement actions by IFSCA: Upholding of regulatory standards in IFSC, GIFT City
The compounding mechanism under Section 15[1] of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (“FEMA”), allows individuals and companies to voluntarily admit breach of FEMA provisions and pay a penalty to regularise their contraventions without undergoing lengthy enforcement actions. In continuation of our earlier analysis of the Foreign Exchange (Compounding Proceedings) Rules, 2024[2] (“Compounding Rules”), read with Master Directions on Compounding of Contravention under the FEMA[3] (“Compounding Directions”), notified last year, we now examine the latest amendments to the compounding mechanism under the Compounding Directions. The Reserve Bank of India (“RBI”), through A.P. (DIR Series) Circulars notified on April 22, 2025, and April 24, 2025[4] (“April Amendments”), respectively has further amended the Compounding Directions. These amendments were preceded by a press release dated April 11, 2025[5], where the RBI mandated all banks, financial companies, and other regulated entities to submit their regulatory authorisations/ licenses/ approvals exclusively through the PRAVAAH online portal on and from May 1, 2025, onwards.Continue Reading Compounding Under FEMA: What Has Changed Post 2025 Amendments
The Foreign Portfolio Investor (“FPI”) regime is a key entry route for foreign investors seeking to invest in Indian stocks and bonds. Currently, FPIs are subject to various know your customer (“KYC”) obligations, including disclosure of group companies and beneficial ownership and stringent monitoring of equity investment limits. Breaches of these trigger penalties and additional disclosure requirements. Our detailed analysis is available here.Continue Reading FIG Paper (No. 45 – Series 3) – SEBI Mulls Relaxation of FPI Norms for Investment in Government Bonds
The Reserve Bank of India (“RBI”) on May 8, 2025, issued the Reserve Bank of India (Digital Lending) Directions, 2025 (“DL Directions”).
The idea of these new directions was to consolidate the various directions and circulars on digital lending by Regulated Entities (“RE”), previously issued by the RBI[1], provide greater clarity on consumer/ customer centric rights from a customer protection point of view and create a repository with the RBI of all digital lending apps/ platforms (“DLA”) provided by REs/ lending service providers (“LSP”).Continue Reading FIG Paper (No. 44 – Series 3): RBI Consolidates Directions on Digital Lending: Implications for REs & LSPs
Of India’s overall credit market, non-banking financial companies (“NBFCs”) command a 22% share[1], primarily catering to underserved sectors and providing retail loans, particularly to small businesses and households. As NBFCs have become systemically important for the economy, they have been subject to increased regulatory oversight by the Reserve Bank of India (“RBI”), evidenced by the introduction of scale-based regulations, which prescribe differential regulatory norms basis size and scale of the NBFC. This FIG paper explores the recent regulatory trends in this sector.Continue Reading FIG Paper (No. 42 – Series 1) – Regulatory Trends in NBFC Sector
India, with its dynamic and skilled youth, has progressively emerged as a global hub for Global Capability Centres (GCCs) established by multinational corporations. GCCs offer numerous strategic advantages, including driving digital transformation, fostering innovation, advancing analytics and technological solutions, promoting research and development, creating employment opportunities, enhancing operational efficiency, and strengthening business resilience. Recognising these benefits, Indian companies are also increasingly adopting the GCC model to fuel their growth. Consequently, several Indian states are crafting policies to attract both domestic and multinational corporations to set up GCCs.Continue Reading Key Highlights of Gujarat GCC Policy (2025-30)
Background: